Interrupt and a Trap in an Operating System Essay

Hospitality Industry Questions and Answers

Friendliness Industry Questions and Answers Presentation What is Hospitality? Individuals serving you popcorn when you entered a film, attendant in a five star inn and the gallery visit control have the normal? They are all work in adjusting which is under the place of cordiality industry. Do you realize that accommodation industry is the biggest business all through the world? It is the fundamental wellspring of pay for greater part nations. Friendliness isn't just about a basic adjusting, however it includes in indicating regard for ones visitors, accommodate their necessities and needs, and treating each other as equivalents. Friendliness industry included lodgings, gambling clubs, and resorts which give comfort and a kind of direction to visitors. The term clinic, hospice and lodging are getting from friendliness and these foundations ensure a greater amount of the implication of individual consideration. It alludes to a kinds of foundation where give sanctuary and nourishments to individuals which is in required or away from their hom e. Neighborliness was established by Bob Luitweiler in year 1949 and this foundation are dependable in setting up a structure, give secure, lovely spot for a transitory remain, cleaning and looking after premises. Presently days, clients desire is high. Quality is maybe the most factor include in friendliness industry. Answer for Question 1 Cordiality, a contemporaneous human trade, which is willful gone into, and intended to heighten the common prosperity of the gatherings worried through the arrangement of settlement, and/or food, and/or drink. Cordiality industry had a wide extension. As indicated by the students of history, the improvement of neighborliness industry had been followed in a thousand of years and numerous societies. An expert neighborliness industry should consistently continue refreshing as indicated by the necessities and needs of the social orders. Achievement in the inn business are consistently depends on taking into account the requirements of the focused on customer base. Plus, giving a wide assortment of administrations and charm alluring air will consistently drive the neighborliness business into a huge, multi faceted and various industry. The principle part in cordiality industry is tied in with managing clients and lead as per the general inclination of the clients in each help gave since the yesteryear days. Accommodation industry has started since 3000 B.C back. The field of neighborliness enveloping travel, the travel industry, eateries, and amusement. There are a few favorable circumstances and hindrances for each business and staff. This happen same to neighborliness industry. For your insight, neighborliness industry is an exceptionally wide degree; it fundamentally gathered in two biggest foundations all through the world. Model for these two foundations is expressed in the figure below㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Housing What is dwelling? It implies the housing portion of the accommodation business model like inns, hotels, inns, resorts, chalet, and others more. In outline, dwelling implies any foundation which gives a bed to an expense or grasp of lease and a sensible recompense for utilities and use apparatuses and furniture. Fundamentally a housing foundation constantly included components of amusement, individual administrations, diversion and food administration for wayfarer. Dominant part of housing offices on the planet stretch out from little quaint little inns dinner to the most recent turn of events, megaresorts. Specialties between these extreme incorporate business inns, downtown area inns, resort inns, rural inns, parkways lodgings/inns, air terminal inns, economy properties, meeting focuses, all suite inns, and gambling club inns. Embodiment of an effective arrangement of business tasks implies the fruitful in return items or administrations for esteem. In a lot of business, its a chain of flexibly with request. Lavish lodgings are selling their suite and other sort of offices in the inn to the visitors which give their interest. Flexibly and request is where benefits gain in a business. Item and administrations in an assistance industry like housing, is an all encompassing idea. It comprise of effects like inn type and physical conveniences and impalpabilities like administrations gave by the housing staff. Client needs and needs are continually changing and shifted. As client are getting progressively requesting, lodgings must be planned and made to be increasingly responsive and viable so as to accomplish various explorers needs and needs. Focal points In 21st century, individuals have a need in remaining at some city or town for an all-encompassing timeframe. At the point when a people are away from home, dwelling is the main settlement for them to have a remain. Numerous individuals are stressed over the amount they will spend for the convenience. Truly, remaining in a lodging got two or three advantages. Benefit of day administrations such like room cleaning and clothing truly set aside the pressure of the visitors in doing the clothing them self following a tiring working day. Recreation places like gymnastic room or pool are different attractions for client to picking in remaining in a lodging. Since cost is the main goal to the client, inn must be constantly refreshed to the most recent advancements and occasions from the contenders. Besides, restriction assumed a significant job in focal points in housing. There are two sorts of area of a lodging which is progressively favored by people groups. Above all else is gathering inn which is situated in a city or a meeting region of a nation. These inns regularly focused on additional on agent. The area of the inn empowers them to make a trip to the work spot or meeting focus without any problem. Besides are professional areas. Inns which is situated almost a lovely view model like sea shore resort or an inn situated in a travel industry region are generally focused on family. These inns are liberated from the pinnacle working hour in a bustling city, liberated from clamor and air contamination is consistently the determination of a family excursion. Condition is another factor of focal points in housing. Model like a lodging situated on a wonderful waterfront empower the visitor to appreciate the entrancing perspectives from their room. It is a without a doubt to rema in at one of these lodgings for upsetting or a bustling businessperson. Do you realize that other than the perspective on a housing, clients interest for quality diversion as well? Great diversion model like an extravagance bar, ocean plunging or even an extravagance pool will pulls in more visitors with stress discharge and amusement searcher request. Drawbacks Enormous inns with a large number of rooms, present day recreation offices and wide decision of feasting alternatives are consistently the focal points in housing. However, this additionally makes detriments the housing. A holding up line in meeting room consistently can be found in enormous housing. An enormous lodging requires great administration. A disappointment the board will simply hinder the running procedure in an inn every day. We cannot foresee whether the visitor will have a late look at and this makes the approaching visitor have a hold up before they can look into their room. Also, an enormous inn now and again will confront the issue of deficient staffs. In an extravagance feasting, because of the staff are deficient, they are constantly run off their feet by the quantity of visitors. Shockingly, visitors will be continued holding up when they need something while the staffs are busying in dealing with another visitor. Model like you request a menu, you may have the option to be trusting that the menus will be brought to you until your stomach begin thundering. Food administration Food administration is an enormous industry which manages all the arrangements of food outside the home. Model like building up an eatery, providing food a wedding gathering, and running a cafeteria are for the most part types of food administration. Regularly these cafés lay institutional food administration in business, schools, clinics and therapeutic resources. A packs measure of merchandise and ventures fall under the inclusion of food administration, model like foundation which transport food and gear identified with kitchen, flatware, etc. Openings for work had been more extensive up because of human vitality is required in this arrangement of industry. Restaurateurs, servers, dietitians and culinary specialists are some case of laborer required in food administration industry. A few people in this industry are sent for preparing with the goal that they are able to work in this industry. High class extravagance feasting needs ability and qualified individuals to work in it. Schools now days are offering cordiality courses. In year 2008, there were 546,300 exclusive food administration and drinking places around the United Sates. 47 percent of these foundation essentially serve supporters who request and pay before eating while 39 percent of foundation offer full assistance café; being served well and after devour their flavorful cooking just make an installment. Another 9 percent had been included by drinking spots and uncommon food administration like cooks had involved around 5 percent of all foundations in this industry. Food administration can be characterized as universes generally across the board and natural industry. Points of interest In food administration industry, human vitality is required in a major sum. From the culinary specialist, right hand gourmet specialist until server got a significant numerous positions. Here is the place the openings for work by and by more extensive up. The prerequisites for these positions model like a cleaner in an eating or servers needn't bother with high training levels. Individuals with a confirmation or degree close by can hold the situation of a director in an office. As there is getting increasingly housing and feasting is creating, it is a significant open doors for youngers out there to get a splendid future for themselves through dedicated. Furthermore, food industry focused on individuals which are searching for nourishments when they are starving. This is the reason picking a right area will be the last appointed authorities on how well the arrangement of business will go. A café which situated in a midtown obviously will get a few clients from the bustling working life in the city. First its simple to discover, set aside the client time, and even some time rusher individuals can simply have a remove dinner close to a café close to his/

Anxiety How Much Is Too Much

Anxiety How Much Is Too Much Anxiety is a physical and mental state thats totally natural for everyone to experience at different points in time. After all, its a state with an adaptive and protective purpose. Sometimes, however, worry can take on a life of its own. If anxiety is starting to hurt you rather than help you, if it’s difficult to control or making it nearly impossible to cope, it’s time to step back and evaluate the extent of the problem. Symptoms That Indicate Anxiety May Be a Problem The point at which worry and anxiety become an issue is somewhat subjective, though there are several different markers of severity and intensity that you might use to evaluate how reasonable or unreasonable your level of anxiety is. This might be hard to judge from inside the experience, but to start, trying stepping back and asking yourself questions such as: Is my anxiety hurting my relationships?Is it hurting my performance in school or at work?Am I frequently distracted by thoughts of what will go wrong in certain situations?Do I avoid activities that I might actually enjoy because of a looming feeling of dread?Do I constantly feel on edge or amped up,  even in the absence of a clear source of worry?Am I frequently blowing things out of proportion, even though it doesnt feel like I am ?at the moment? If the answers to any of these questions give you pause, or if youre finding them tough to answer, consider asking someone you trust about their perception of your anxiety and how it impacts your life. What to Do When Anxiety Is a Problem If you think your worry has gotten out of hand, an expert opinion can help to further clarify this. Meeting with a clinicianâ€"a counselor, social worker, psychologist, or psychiatristâ€"can help you to determine if your anxiety issue can be classified as a disorder, and which one. Clinicians will use diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders to determine whether or not your anxiety is excessive. This typically involves ?an assessment of how persistent your anxiety is, what types of symptoms you experience, how long they last, and how intrusive they are on your ability to get through life on a day-to-day basis.?? Generalized Anxiety Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Diagnosing an Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis of an anxiety disorder can be tricky. Many symptoms of various anxiety disorders overlap with one another, and it might take some time to tease out the primary problem. While some might have specific phobias others may have generalized anxiety disorder, otherwise known as GAD. Also, some people struggle with more than one type of anxiety disorder. Others can exhibit a number of significant symptoms, but not quite enough symptoms to meet the strict criteria for a given diagnosis. If this happens, you might be told that you have a “sub-threshold” anxiety disorder.?? Even if your anxiety is of the low-grade variety or doesnt meet the threshold for a firm diagnosis, that doesnt mean it’s not worth working on. In fact, from a practical perspective, it’s most important to pay attention to how anxiety interferes with your life, no matter how it manifests. A clinician can help you narrow down what’s wrong or identify helpful interventions, even if he or she is unable to determine a specific label for the problem. Next Steps Speaking with a physician or a mental health provider who knows you is the best way to figure out your next step(s).  Depending on the nature and extent of your anxiety, you may find one or a combination of a number of approaches useful. Mild or intermittent anxiety may improve when you use strategies such as these:Self-help resources (e.g., books, smartphone apps, and  online resources) that walk you through a series of exercises related to your anxietyRegular use of  relaxation strategiesIncreased daily activity or implementation of an exercise routineAny of a number of talk therapies For moderate to severe anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy  (CBT) is the psychotherapy of choice with an encouraging evidence base to support its use.?? There are also medications that can help with persistent anxiety of any degree. How to Find a Mental Health Provider to Help With Anxiety To find a qualified clinician, check out referral resources including Psychology Today, The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies,  or  The Anxiety and Depression Association. Or, speak with your current physician about seeking a psychiatric evaluation with a  recommended  mental health provider.  For additional resources on mental health, check out the American Psychiatric Association (APA) blog. Find Help With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Implicit Parameters in Java

The implicit parameter in Java is the object that the method belongs to. Its passed by specifying the reference or variable of the object before the name of the method.  An implicit parameter is opposite to an  explicit  parameter, which is passed when specifying the parameter in the parenthesis of a method call. If a parameter isnt explicitly defined, the parameter is considered implicit. Explicit Method Example When your program calls a method of an object, its common to pass a value to the method. For example, here, the object Employee has a method called setJobTitle: Employee dave new Employee(); dave.setJobTitle(Candlestick Maker); The String Candlestick Maker is an explicit parameter being passed to the setJobTitle method. Implicit Method Example However, there is another parameter in the method call that is known as the implicit parameter. The implicit parameter is the object the method belongs to. In the above example, its dave, the object of type Employee. Implicit parameters are not defined within a method declaration because they are implied by the class the method is in: public class Employee {  Ã‚  public void setJobTitle(String jobTitle)  Ã‚  {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.jobTitle jobTitle;  Ã‚  } } In order to call the setJobTitle method, there must be an object of type Employee.

Movie Analysis 12 Angry Men - 1639 Words

Introduction This film provides a number of practical themes that arise in everyday life that include: moral courage, critical thinking, the value and importance of human life and varying stereotypes. One of the main topics in the film involved organized communication within a diverse group.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of cooperative communities while providing different aspects of leadership. Movie Summary The movie 12 Angry Men is a depiction of a jury deliberation in the 1950’s involving the trial of a teenager that is accused of murdering his father. These twelve men were brought together by a random selection process to make a unanimous decision. In the beginning, all jurors believed the boy to be guilty without a doubt, except for one. Juror 8 continues to raise questions pertaining to the facts presented, while slowly convincing the other jurors to take another look before determining the boy’s fate. Many people would say that their purpose was to determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant, but in reality they have no way of knowing if the teen is innocent; in the end, all they can have is reasonable doubt. Analysis Constructive Leadership A main theme in the film is how to use leadership in such a way to expel rivalries that could form in hostile environments. Lets look at Fonda’s character, this is the first character we see attempting to meld conflicting views. Conflicting views is not always a negative when thinkingShow MoreRelated12 Angry Men : Movie Analysis : 12 Angry Men1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe 1957 movie version of 12 angry men, brings twelve people together with different personalities and experiences to discuss the fate of a young boy that allegedly killed his father. At the very beginning many agree that the boy is guilty except for one man. Juror #8 votes not guilty and pushes to have the evidence talked through. Slowly after reviewing all the evidence carefully the eleven to one vote switched from eleven thinking guilty to eleven thinking not guilty. Each juror brought differentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 1891 Words   |  8 PagesThe Decision Analysis Assignment Frank Luu The story of 12 Angry Men begins in a New York City courthouse at the conclusion of a murder trial. The judge order the 12 men of the jury to recess and decide on a guilty or not guilty verdict for a 18 year old boy charged with murdering his father. The judge informs them that a guilty decision by the jury will result in a death sentence for the boy as the judge will not show any leniency. The 12 men are lead to the jury room where they will stay lockedRead More12 Angry Men Movie Analysis782 Words   |  4 PagesTwelve Angry Men Analysis BA 321 Reaching a unanimous vote, beyond a reasonable doubt, was a difficult task for the jurors represented in the film, 12 Angry Men. All but one were convinced the boy on trial was guilty of first degree murder based on eye witness testimony and circumstantial evidence. Uncomfortably hot and sweaty, one intent on getting to a ball game, eleven of the twelve jurors had no intention to stop and think about the life contingent on their verdict. The entireRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 933 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men Overview In the movie of 12 Angry Men, a group of jurors must decide the fate of an inner-city boy, who is charged with killing his father. The case should have been a slam dunk, yet one man (Juror No. 8) in the initial vote cast reasonable doubt over the evidence of the trial. While deliberating their verdict, the details are revealed. Subsequently, the jurors slowly changed their vote to innocent on the basis of doubt. Despite their duty to separate personal matters from the factsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 946 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men For the purpose of this paper I will be using a movie based on a teen male who is on trial for the murder of his father in 1957. There are twelve men on the jury who are from all different areas of society. They have one goal, to decide based on testimony and evidence on whether the accused is guilty or not. The following information is one person’s observation of the movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† using the 5 Stages of Group Development. Keywords: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, AdjourningRead MoreMovie Analysis : 12 Angry Men1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe group type presented in the film 12 Angry men appears to be a task group. Task groups typically come together to accomplish a specific charge. In this case, their task was to decide a verdict of guilty or not guilty for the boy on trial. According to our text, some feature of this task group would include those listed under the â€Å"teams† category such as appointed leadership and focus on a specific task or charge. The members’ bond is simply there interest in the task, as they have no previousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 1929 Words   |  8 Pages12 Angry Men is a 1957 American courtroom drama film adapted from a teleplay of the same name by Reginald Rose. Written and co-produced by Rose himself and directed by Sidney Lumet, this trial film tells the story of a jury made up of 12 men as they deliberate the guilt or acquitta l of a defendant on the basis of reasonable doubt, forcing the jurors to question their morals and values. In the United States, a verdict in most criminal trials by jury must be unanimous. The film is notable for its almostRead MoreMovie Analysis : 12 Angry Men1769 Words   |  8 Pages1. Is this jury a group or team? Does the jury have entitativity? Why or why not? (define and give 2 examples from the movie) (10 points) It can be debated whether the jurors who made up the jury in the film 12 Angry Men comprised of a group or a team. Teams and groups are often terms that are used interchangeable to describe a multitude of gathered individuals. Teams are often thought of as a specific type of group, and essentially they are classified as hypergroups (Forsyth). As discussed inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 2223 Words   |  9 Pages12 Angry Men is a movie centered around a murder case and the 12 men that are in charge of providing a verdict for a kid charged of first degree murder of his own father. In this movie, the characters have to face a long and grueling procedure of figuring out how to charge the kid after a six day long trial and hours long deliberation between the jurors. The film of 12 Angry Men has several key psychological aspects to it that can be accurately and summarily described. In the movie, the jury hasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 1239 Words   |  5 Pageshands, such as a juror, you hope for the best, but that is not always enough. Sometimes there are certain variables, which can impact decisions and alter a person’s life forever. The movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† is a great example of how these variables play a role in determining a person’s innocence. Throughout this movie there were numerous examples of psychological science. The four domains I will focus on are stereotyping, eyewitness testimony, attribution process and problem solving. In the beginning

Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen Free Essays

Independent Reading A Guide to Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen â€Å"Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can. † Special Considerations Copyright Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Novel at a Glance Pride and Prejudice (1813) is a comedy of manners that explores how considerations of money, family background, and personal vanity can complicate the course of true love. Setting: Mostly in rural Hertfordshire in England in the late eighteenth century. Protagonist: Elizabeth Bennet, the most intelligent and complex daughter in a family of five unmarried isters who have no prospect of inheriting wealth. Structure: The novel is divided into three each subdivided into many short chapters. The plot involves pairs of lovers who seem destined never to get together because of the opposition of powerful blocking fgures and forces. The couples, however, after bringing the entire community together, are happily married in the end. Conflicts: The plot is propelled by the need of the female characters to find suitable husbands. The main conflicts are the obstacles or blocks that get in the way of achieving these marriages. The obstacles are both external (the want of beauty, money, sense, r social connections) and internal (an inability to discern the true character or feelings of another). Resolution: By learning from her experience and honestly evaluating herself, Elizabeth gains a husband who is not only wealthy but truly worthy. She overcomes her prejudice against Fitzwilliam Darcy, which was based on his appearance of pride, and he overcomes his prejudice against her family, which was based on pride in his own social rank and good manners. Themes: Knowledge comes through caretul reasoning and considered experience, unclouded by pride or prejudice based on rank or mere appearances. Of Special Note: By means of comic irony and satirical exaggeration, Austen exposes the social and moral follies of her society. The vocabulary of Pride and Prejudice should pose no major problems to upper-grade-level students reading at grade level, but all students, especially those reading below grade level, should be prepared to encounter a society whose social and economic conditions are markedly different from those of today. They can learn a great deal about Austen’s world from the novel itself, but some understanding of the British system of inherited wealth and the position of omen within that system during the early nineteenth century will help orient them. Background Entailed Property. In the traditional British class system, wealth was passed on via the inheritance of family property, an annual income for life, or both. Inherited wealth conferred far more status than money earned by work. Family estates were usually inherited by the oldest son; and other sons, and sometimes daughters, were given smaller incomes. An entail is a restriction on the inheritance of family property, and in the case of the Bennets, the entail stipulated that Longbourn, the family home, be passed on to a male cousin. The Eighteenth-century Gentlewoman. The Bennet sisters were considered gentlewomen because their father had inherited some wealth and therefore did not have to work to earn money. Because of the entail, however, they would not inherit any wealth of their own, unlike Georgiana Darcy and Caroline Bingley, whose fathers’ estates were so large that all the children were designated to inherit. Since it was not respectable or generally even feasible for gentlewomen to work, the Bennet sisters had no option but to find husbands who could support them and maintain their position in the class to which they were born. If they did not marry, hey would have to depend on the generosity of male relatives. Jane Austen’s own situation was typical of the time: she remained with her father until he died and then moved to her brother’s house. What was not typical was that she wrote books and was paid for her work. Pride and Prejudice 1 Mrs. Bennet, a frivolous woman, bent on making advantageous matches for her five daughters but lacking the ability to Judge the worth of their prospective suitors. She makes silly comments, otten at inappropriate times. Mr. Bennet, an intelligent but usually aloof man who looks on his wife and the marital dilemmas of his daughters with detached amusement. Notable for witty comments. Jane Bennet, the eldest daughter (in her early twenties), very beautiful and sweet- tempered, always ready to think well of others and modestly of herself†the friend and foil of her sister Elizabeth. Elizabeth Bennet, at first too quick and confident in her Judgments, she refines her knowledge of herself and her ability to evaluate others. More outspoken and opinionated than her sister Jane. Mary, Catherine (Kitty), and Lydia Bennet, the three younger sisters, flat characters who change little in response to experience. Mary is a pedant with no real knowledge. Lydia’s high spirits are unrestrained by good ense. Charles Bingley, a good-looking, wealthy, and agreeable young man, who falls in love with Jane but whose courtship of Jane is not encouraged by his friend Darcy or his fashionable sister Caroline, who wishes to marry Darcy. Functions as a foil for Darcy. Fitzwilliam Darcy, a handsome, dignified gentleman, heir to great property and wealth. A reserved man, ill at ease with strangers and mindful of social rank. He strikes the Bennets as cold and aloof. Falls in love with Elizabeth. Reverend William Collins, a clergyman and cousin of Mr. Bennet, who has ingratiated himself with the formidable Lady Catherine de Bourgh and stands to inherit Longbourn. He is accepted by Elizabeth’s plain, practical friend, Charlotte Lucas, after Elizabeth rejects his marriage proposals. How to cite Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen, Papers

Thesis statements free essay sample

An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people. Example of a non-debatable thesis statement: Pollution is bad for the environment. This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution means that something is bad or negative in some way. Further, all studies agree that pollution is a problem; they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is good. Example of a debatable thesis statement: At least 25 percent of the federal budget should be spent on limiting pollution. This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis statements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nations money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution. Another example of a debatable thesis statement: Americas anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars. In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy. The thesis needs to be narrow Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right. Example of a thesis that is too broad: Drug use is detrimental to society. There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category drugs? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by society? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate. Example of a narrow or focused thesis: Illegal drug use is detrimental because it encourages gang violence. In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic. We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way: Narrowed debatable thesis 1: At least 25 percent of the federal budget should be spent on helping upgrade business to clean technologies, researching renewable energy sources, and planting more trees in order to control or eliminate pollution. This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution. Narrowed debatable thesis 2: Americas anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars because it would allow most citizens to contribute to national efforts and care about the outcome. This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti-pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus. Qualifiers such as typically, generally, usually, or on average also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule. Types of claims Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, in other words what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of your broader topic. Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example: What some people refer to as global warming is actually nothing more than normal, long-term cycles of climate change. Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur. Example: The popularity of SUVs in America has caused pollution to increase. Claims about value: These are claims made of what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something. Example: Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example: Instead of drilling for oil in Alaska we should be focusing on ways to reduce oil consumption, such as researching renewable energy sources. Which type of claim is right for your argument? Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge of the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper.